《垃圾焚烧厂最佳可用技术参考文件》2018年版 4.5章 第一部分（待续） 学习笔记（一）

4.5.3 Techniques to reduce acid gas emissions

4.5.3 脱酸技术

The sections that follow address:

以下各节说明：

•description and assessment of the performance generally achieved by the main techniques applied for acid gas reduction – including consideration of applicability to various situations;

对通常采用的主要脱酸技术进行描述和性能评估—包括各种应用情况下应考虑的问题；

•description and assessment of some other technological and procedural options relevant to acid gas removal.

与脱酸相关的其他技术和程序性因素的描述和评估。

4.5.3.1 Wet scrubbing systems

4.5.3.1 湿法洗涤系统

Description

4.5.3.1.1 说明

This technique is described in Section 2.5.4.

该技术的描述在2.5.4章节。

Technical description

4.5.3.1.2 技术说明

Wet scrubbers generally have at least two effective stages: the first at low pH removes mainly

HCl and HF as well as metals, the second stage is dosed with milk of lime, limestone suspension or sodium hydroxide and operated at a pH of 6–8 primarily for the removal of SO2. Scrubbers may sometimes be described as three or more stages – the additional stages generally being subdivisions of the first low pH stage for specific purposes.

湿法洗涤塔通常需要至少2个有效阶段：第一需要在非常低PH的阶段主要用于去除HCL和HF以及重金属，第二阶段是投加石灰乳，石灰石悬浮液或氢氧化钠，PH控制在6-8以便主要脱除二氧化硫。洗涤塔有时可描述为三个或更多阶段—附加段通常是第一个低pH阶段的细分，用于特定目的。（典型的案例可以参考德国的诺因基兴或丹麦lab做的4段洗涤塔，目前国内只有日系的2段洗涤塔。）

Achieved environmental benefits

4.5.3.1.3 获得环境效益

Wet FGC systems provide the highest removal efficiencies (for soluble acid gases) of all FGC

systems with the lowest excess stoichiometric factors. [ 74, TWG 2004 ]

湿法洗涤塔系统可以以“最低的过量化学计量比”（即钙酸比，钠酸比等）实现所有烟气净化系统中最高的去除效率（针对可溶性酸性气体）。

Whilst single-stage filtration-based FGC systems (e.g. semi-wet, dry) combine and collect residues together, this is not generally the case with wet systems. The wet systems can treat HCl, HF and SO2 separately from dust, which is usually removed before. That said, wet systems do provide some additional reductions of the following substances:

基于单机除尘的烟气净化系统（如设置一级布袋的半干法、干法工艺）会将副产物和飞灰结合在一起收集，但湿法系统通常不会这样。湿法系统可将HCl、HF和SO2与粉尘分开处理，通常粉尘在上游的除尘设施中就已经去除了。那就是说，湿法系统确实可以进一步减少以下物质：

•Dust - where the scrubber capacity is large enough to prevent clogging (most usually a pre- dedusting stage is used before the wet scrubber to reduce dust loads and prevent operational problems), by up to 50 % of the dust input. [ 74, TWG 2004 ]

粉尘（湿法洗涤还具有除尘功能）—如果洗涤塔的设计能力足够大就可以阻止系统堵塞（通常大部分情况下在湿法洗涤塔上游会设置预除尘以减少粉尘负荷避免出现操作问题），湿法洗涤塔可以具备高达50%的除尘效率。

•PCDD/F - if carbon-impregnated packing materials are used, a typical reduction of 70 % is achieved by a typical scrubbing system. However, multi-stage scrubbing systems packed with a sufficient volume of carbon-impregnated materials are able to guarantee emission levels well below 0.1 ng I-TEQ/Nm3 in MSWIs and HWIs. Activated carbon or coke may be added to the scrubber for a similar purpose, with similar removal efficiencies. In the absence of carbon additives, the removal rates are negligible. [ 74, TWG 2004 ] [7, TWG 2017]-Sweden

二噁英/呋喃（湿法脱除能力）—如果使用了“碳浸渍包装材料”（我baidu和google找了半天没找到准确的信息，估计是类似碳填充的封装好的一种填料类物品。

/qynews/0198a492/article-452913386.html 这个可以拿来试试 /chanpin-242667495/ ），那么湿法洗涤的去除率能达到70%。然而装有足量 “碳浸渍包装材料”的市政垃圾焚烧厂及生活垃圾焚烧厂的多级洗涤塔系统能够保证排放水平低于0.1 ng I-TEQ/Nm3。可以通过加入活性炭或活性焦来使之具有相同的效率。如果没有添加此类碳添加剂，那么是没有什么去除效率的。

•Hg2+ - if a low pH (~1) first stage scrubber is used, and HCl concentrations in the waste provide for acidification of this stage, then mercury is removed as HgCl2; elemental mercury is in general not affected. [ 64, TWG 2003 ]

2价汞—如果使用一级低PH值的洗涤塔，废弃物中的HCL浓度足够在这段进行酸化，则汞可以通过形成HgCl2的化合物进行去除；元素汞通常不受影响。

•Other pollutants - when water-soluble pollutants like bromine and iodine are present in the raw gas, they may be condensed at the low temperatures in the scrubber and in this way enter the scrubber waste water.

其他污染物—当原烟气中存在溴和碘等水溶性污染物时，它们可能在洗涤器中低温冷凝，从而进入洗涤器废水。

Environmental performance and operational data

4.5.3.1.4 排放性能和运行数据

The air emission levels generally achieved by plants fitted with wet scrubbers are shown in

Table 4.17.

配置湿法洗涤塔的焚烧厂的常规可达到的排放水平见表4.17。

Table 4.17: Emission levels associated with the use of wet scrubbers

Table 4.17: 使用湿法洗涤塔的相关排放水平